A Visceral Etymology of Risk

June 03, 2008 — The most intense rush I feel when I go hiking occurs just beyond halfway up to the summit, when I know that the trailhead's well behind me and the peak's a long way off. When I'm losing the safety nets of modern life—cars, roads, medicine, hospitals—right when I might need them the most. My brain tells me to be scared. Go back. But it also tells me to be joyful. Keep going. I feel both intimidated and liberated.

The moment's duality is no fluke. It's biological. The brain processes uncertainty in two ways simultaneously. First, it creates fear with adrenaline and an assortment of 30 other hormones. In animals, this is universal and necessary for survival. Second, it analyzes the uncertainty. If evidence suggests everything will probably be OK, we can choose fight over flight. This, in turn, seems to trigger parts of the brain associated with pleasure, which explains why some people like public speaking or the movie Saw II. Or hiking.

The intensity of this rush, of course, varies with the moment's peril. What I feel while hiking is a mere trace of what my grandfather felt at the Battle of the Bulge, on the precipice of frostbite and being shot at. But the chemistry is universal. We have all felt this combination of intimidation and liberation, and so has everyone throughout history. Those feelings connect us to the past in palpable way. Mozart felt it when he moved to Vienna at 26 to compose, despite mediocre prospects. Crew members on Ponce de Leon's ship Santiago were washed with the same chemicals as they approached the new world. When he crossed the Rubicon and marched to Rome, Julius Caesar must have experienced this same adrenaline-fueled mix of fear and excitement.

If he were real, Odysseus may have felt the most intense rush of us all. In Book 12 of Homer's epic, Odysseus' starving crew defied the Sun God Helios Hyperion by hunting his immortal cattle for food. Helios calls on his friend Zeus who, after toying with the crew for a week, smotes them. Only Odysseus survives, but he's blown back to the impossible-to-navigate narrows where the monsters Scylla and Charybdis live—the original rock and hard place. Odysseus survives by hanging on to the roots of a fig tree atop one of the cliffs. The original cliffhanger.

It's hard to imagine any situation that would produce a more intense rush than what Odysseus would have felt. Perhaps that's why the word we use to this day to describe what produces the rush comes from this scene in this story.